Product Description
The XT3.11 monoclonal antibody reacts with mouse TNFalpha (tumor necrosis factor-alpha) a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine. TNFalpha exists as a soluble 17 kDa monomer, which forms homotrimers in circulation or as a 26 kDa membrane-bound form. TNFalpha belongs to the TNF superfamily of cytokines and signals through its two receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2 which can be activated by both the soluble trimeric and membrane-bound and forms of TNFalpha. TNFalpha is primarily produced by macrophages in response to foreign antigens such as bacteria (lipopolysaccharides), viruses, and parasites as well as mitogens and other cytokines but can also be expressed by monocytes, neutrophils, NK cells, CD4 T cells and some specialized dendritic cells. TNFalpha is known to play key roles in a wide spectrum of biological processes including immunoregulation, cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, antitumor activity, inflammation, anorexia, cachexia, septic shock, hematopoiesis, and viral replication. TNFalpha dysregulation has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including autoimmune diseases, insulin resistance, and cancer. Mouse and human TNFalpha share 79% amino acid sequence identity however, mouse TNFalpha is glycosylated while human TNFalpha is not. TNFalpha knockout animals display defects in response to bacterial infection, characterized by defects in forming organized follicular dendritic cell networks and germinal centers with a lack of primary B cell follicles.
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