Pyridinium bisretinoid A2E is a lipophilic cationic fluorophore and weak photosensitizer derived from retinal pigment epithelium lipofuscin. Its blue light-induced cytotoxicity, which promotes apoptosis and autophagy while disrupting membrane integrity, makes it a critical tool for studying retinal degeneration in models of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) both in vitro and in vivo.
