Potent activator of Nrf2 target transcription via interaction with thiol groups of Keap1, an Nrf2 partner, in phase 2 response against oxidative stress.1 Inhibits the NF-kappaB pathway via inhibition of IKKalpha activation in vitro2 and reduces expression of proinflammatory cytokines in vivo3. Alters tumor microenvironment causing breast tumor associated macrophages to switch from tumor-promoting to tumor-inhibiting characteristics in vitro.4 Reduces cancer stem cell marker expression in Ec109 and KYSE70 cells.5
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