NP1 was identified from a 60 amino acid residue precursor encoded by a 297-bp cDNA sequence from the skin of the amphibian frog Rana limnocharis. NP1 suppresses inflammation by reducing interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels, and also up-regulates expression of miR-6328, which in turn down regulates kappa B kinase beta (IKKbeta). IKKbeta reduces phosphorylation of nuclear factor-kappa B p65 (NF- kappa B p65) and inhibits NF- kappa B (I- kappa B), inhibiting activation of the NF- kappa B pathway. In middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) rats, NP1 reduces the volume of cerebral infarction and relieves neurological dysfunction. NP1 can also significantly alleviate the decrease in viability and increase in apoptosis of neuron like PC12 cells induced by oxygen glucose deprivation/re-oxygenation (OGD/R).
