Prostanoids are the cyclooxygenase metabolites derived from C-20 unsaturated fatty acids (arachidonic acid) and include prostaglandin (PG) D2, PGE2, PGF2 alpha, PGI2, and thrombaxane (Tx) A2. The fatty acids precursors are released from the membrane phosphoplipids in response to various physiological and pathological stimuli by the action of phospholipase A2 and are converted to various prostanoids by the sequential actions of cyclooxygenases and the respective synthases. Prostaglandin PGE2 is one of the major prostaglandin produced during inflammation. A variety of PGE2-mediated effects on vascular smooth muscle tonus, glomerular cell function, renin release, and renal salt and water transport have been described. PGs also influence neuronal activity by modulating neurotransmitter release, sensitizing secretory fibers to noxious stimuli, or inducing fever and sleep. The actions of PGE2 are mediated by rhodopsin-type, G-protein coupled membrane receptors, termed E-prostanoid (EP) receptors or PTGERs. There are four subtypes of PGE receptors designated as EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4 that are encoded by different genes and expressed differently in each tissue. The intracellular signaling also differs among the receptor subtypes. In general, EP receptors display a protein topology typical of GPCR-7 TM domain, an extracellular N-terminus, and a large intracellular C-terminus. EP2 or PTGER2 (rat 357 aa, mouse 362 aa, and human 358 aa, chromosome 14, ~85% interspecies homology) has wide tissue distribution, with high expression in lung and placenta. Ep2 -/- females are infertile secondary to failure of the released ovum to become fertilized in vivo. Mice deficient in the EP2 receptor displayed resting systolic blood pressure that was significantly lower than that in wild type controls. LPS induces EP2 in macrophages. Storage and Stability: May be stored at 4C for short-term only. Aliquot to avoid repeated freezing and thawing. Store at -20C. Aliquots are stable for at least 6 months at -20C. For maximum recovery of product, centrifuge the original vial after thawing and prior to removing the cap. Further dilutions can be made in assay buffer.
Reinheit:
Purified
Formulierung:
Supplied as a liquid in PBS, pH 7.2
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