| Control Peptide for E3364-40 (antiserum) and E3364-41 (affinity purified antibody). Prostanoids are the cyclooxygenase metabolites derived from C-20 unsaturated fatty acids (arachidonic acid) and include prostaglandin (PG) D2, PGE2, PGF2 alpha, PGI2, and thrombaxane (Tx) A2. The fatty acids precursors are released from the membrane phosphoplipids in response to various physiological and pathological stimuli by the action of phospholipase A2 and are converted to various prostanoids by the sequential actions of cyclooxygenases and the respective synthases. Prostaglandin PGE2 is one of the major prostaglandin produced during inflammation. A variety of PGE2-mediated effects on vascular smooth muscle tonus, glomerular cell function, renin release, and renal salt and water transport have been described. PGs also influence neuronal activity by modulating neurotransmitter release, sensitizing secretory fibers to noxious stimuli, or inducing fever and sleep. The actions of PGE2 are mediated by rhodopsin-type, G-protein coupled membrane receptors, termed E-prostanoid (EP) receptors or PTGERs. There are four subtypes of PGE receptors designated as EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4 that are encoded by different genes and expressed differently in each tissue. The intracellular signaling also differs among the receptor subtypes. In general, EP receptors display a protein topology typical of GPCR-7 TM domain, an extracellular N-terminus, and a large intracellular C-terminus. EP4 (mouse 513 aa, rat 488 aa, human 488 aa, chromosome 5p13.1, ~ 90% interspecies homology) is expressed in intestine, lung, thymus, kidney, uterus, pancreas, spleen, heart, stomach, and brain. EP4 knockout mice show patent ductus arteriosus, and decreased inflammatory bone resorption. EP4 activity is mediated by Gs that stimulate adenyl cyclase.It has a relaxing effect on smooth muscle and implicated in renal hemodynamics, intestinal epithelial transport, adrenal aldosterone secretion, and uterine functions. It was originally reported as EP2 subtype. Applications: Suitable for use in ELISA, Antibody Blocking. Not suitable for use in Western Blot. Other applications not tested. Recommended Dilution:. Western Blot: 5-10ug per 1ul E3364-40 (antiserum) or per 1ug E3364-41 (affinity purified antibody). ELISA: 0.5-1ug/ml Optimal dilutions to be determined by the researcher. Storage and Stability: May be stored at 4C for short-term only. For long-term storage, store at -20C. Aliquots are stable for at least 6 months at -20C. For maximum recovery of product, centrifuge the original vial after thawing and prior to removing the cap. Further dilutions can be made in assay buffer. |
