Estrogen receptors (ER) are members of the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors. Estrogen receptors, including ER-alpha and ER-beta, contain DNA binding and ligand binding domains and are critically involved in regulating the normal function of reproductive tissues. They are located in the nucleus, though some estrogen receptors associate with the cell surface membrane and can be rapidly activated by exposure of cells to estrogen. ER-alpha and ER-beta are differentially activated by various ligands. Receptor-ligand interactions trigger a cascade of events, including dissociation from heat shock proteins, receptor dimerization, phosphorylation and the association of the hormone activated receptor with specific regulatory elements in target genes. Evidence suggests that ER-alpha and ER-beta may be regulated by distinct mechanisms even though they share many functional characteristics.Primary antibodies are available purified, or with a selection of fluorescent CF Dyes and other labels. CF Dyes offer exceptional brightness and photostability. Note: Conjugates of blue fluorescent dyes like CF405S and CF405M are not recommended for detecting low abundance targets, because blue dyes have lower fluorescence and can give higher non-specific background than other dye colors.
Higher concentration may be required for direct detection using primary antibody conjugates than for indirect detection with secondary antibody|Immunofluorescence: 0.5-1 ug/mL|Immunohistology formalin-fixed 0.5-1 ug/mL|Staining of formalin-fixed tissues requires boiling tissue sections in 10 mM citrate buffer, pH 6.0, for 10-20 min followed by cooling at RT for 20 minutes|Flow Cytometry 0.5-1 ug/million cells/0.1 mL|Western blotting 0.5-1 ug/mL|Optimal dilution for a specific application should be determined by user
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