SBNO1 is a 1,392 amino acid protein encoded by the human gene of the same name located on chromosome 12. Encoding over 1,100 genes within 132 million bases, chromosome 12 makes up about 4.5% of the human genome. A number of skeletal deformities are linked to chromosome 12, including hypochondrogenesis, achondrogenesis and Kniest dysplasia. Noonan syndrome, which includes heart and facial developmental defects among the primary symptoms, is caused by a mutant form of PTPN11 gene product, SH-PTP2. Chromosome 12 is also home to a homeobox gene cluster, which encodes crucial transcription factors for morphogenesis, and the natural killer complex gene cluster, encoding C-type lectin proteins which mediate the NK cell response to MHC I interaction. Trisomy 12p leads to facial development defects, seizure disorders and a host of other symptoms which vary in severity depending on the extent of mosaicism. It is most severe in cases of complete trisomy.
