Naturally occurring carnitine derivative formed by carnitine acetyltransferase during beta-oxidation of uneven chain fatty acids, with high affinity for muscular carnitine transferase. Increases cellular carnitine content, allowing free fatty acid transport into the mitochondria [1, 5]. Stimulates energy production in ischaemic muscles by increasing citric acid cycle flux and stimulating pyruvate dehydrogenase activity [1, 2]. Important for mitochondrial metabolism and energy regulation. Regulates the metabolism of both carbohydrates and lipids, leading to an increase of ATP generation [9, 11]. Selectively inhibits in vitro and ex vivo platelet-activating factor (PAF) synthesis from human neutrophils [3]. Antioxidant. Shows free radical scavenging activity [4]. Decreases the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS/NOS II) and NADPH-oxidase 4-mediated reactive oxygen species production in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells [7]. Shows beneficial cardiovascular effects. Improves body weight, food intake, adiposity and insulin resistance in Type 2 diabetes [5, 6, 8-10]. Stimulates endothelial nitric oxide (eNOS/NOS III) and increased NO production, via AMPK/Src-mediated signaling that leads to activation of PI3 kinase and Akt [6, 12].
Buffer:
Solid
CAS Number:
[119793-66-7]
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