AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is highly conserved from yeast to plants and animals and plays a key role in the regulation of energy homeostasis. AMPK is a heterotrimeric complex composed of a catalytic alpha subunit and regulatory beta and gamma subunits, each of which is encoded by two or three distinct genes (alpha1, 2, beta1, 2, gamma1, 2, 3). The kinase is activated by an elevated AMP/ATP ratio due to cellular and environmental stress, such as heat shock, hypoxia, and ischemia. The tumor suppressor LKB1, in association with accessory proteins STRAD and MO25, phosphorylates AMPKalpha at Thr172 in the activation loop, and this phosphorylation is required for AMPK activation. AMPKalpha is also phosphorylated at Thr258 and Ser485 (for alpha1, Ser491 for alpha2). The upstream kinase and the biological significance of these phosphorylation events have yet to be elucidated. The beta1 subunit is post-translationally modified by myristoylation and multi-site phosphorylation including Ser24/25, Ser96, Ser101, Ser108, and Ser182. Phosphorylation at Ser108 of the beta1 subunit seems to be required for AMPK activation, while phosphorylation at Ser24/25 and Ser182 affects AMPK localization. Several mutations in AMPKgamma subunits have been identified, most of which are located in the putative AMP/ATP binding sites (CBS or Bateman domains). Mutations at these sites lead to reduction of AMPK activity and cause glycogen accumulation in heart or skeletal muscle. Accumulating evidence indicates that AMPK not only regulates the metabolism of fatty acids and glycogen, but also modulates protein synthesis and cell growth through EF2 and TSC2/mTOR pathways, as well as blood flow via eNOS/nNOS.
The antibody was affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogen and the purity is > 95% (by SDS-PAGE).
Form:
Rabbit IgG, 1mg/ml in PBS with 0.02% sodium azide, 50% glycerol, pH7.2.
Application Dilute:
WB: 1:2000~1:5000
Application Notes:
AMPKalpha1/2 (T174/T172) polyclonal antibody detects endogenous levels of AMPKalpha1/2 protein.
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