This gene encodes a secreted ligand of the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) subfamily and TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta) superfamily of proteins. Ligands of this family bind various TGF-beta receptors leading to recruitment and activation of SMAD family transcription factors that regulate gene expression. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate each subunit of the disulfide-linked homodimer. This protein signals through the RET receptor and GFR alpha 3 coreceptor, and supports the survival of a number of peripheral neuron populations and at least one population of dopaminergic CNS neurons. This protein has also been shown to promote tumor growth, metastasis, and drug resistance in mammary carcinoma. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2016],developmental stage:Expressed during embryogenesis. High level expression seen in fetal kidney and lung while a low level expression seen in the fetal brain.,function:Ligand for the GFR-alpha-3-RET receptor complex but can also activate the GFR-alpha-1-RET receptor complex. Supports the survival of sensory and sympathetic peripheral neurons in culture and also supports the survival of dopaminergic neurons of the ventral mid-brain.,similarity:Belongs to the TGF-beta family. GDNF subfamily.,subunit:Homodimer, disulfide-linked.,tissue specificity:Ubiquitous. Expressed at high levels in peripheral tissues including prostate, placenta, pancreas, heart, kidney, pituitary gland, lung and testis. Expressed at low levels in the brain.,
