TFGF-18 is a GSK-3beta inhibitor with an IC50 of 0.59 µM. It suppresses microglial activation and the release of pro-inflammatory mediators induced by LPS by inhibiting GSK-3beta and downstream p65/NF-kappaB signaling. TFGF-18 also prevents neuronal apoptosis and oxidative stress, reduces the expression of Bax, caspase-3, and cleaved-caspase-3, while increasing Bcl-2 expression. It offers neuroprotection by inhibiting neuroinflammation and alleviating cognitive impairment.
