Tubulin/HDAC-IN-4 (compound 9n) is a dual inhibitor targeting microtubules (Tubulin) and HDAC, exhibiting IC50 values of 0.73, 0.43, 0.62, and 2.34 µM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC6, and HDAC7, respectively. It disrupts microtubule assembly by binding to the colchicine site and induces apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest. Additionally, Tubulin/HDAC-IN-4 significantly increases intracellular ROS levels and demonstrates both anti-angiogenic and anticancer properties.
