33-cGAMP is a second messenger produced in bacteria by specific dinucleotide cyclases. It contains canonical 35-phosphodiester bonds and regulates chemotaxis, colonization, and other cellular functions. 33-cGAMP shows weaker binding to the adapter protein stimulator of interferon genes (STING, Kd = 1.04 µM) than 22-cGAMP and 23-cGAMP but has similar binding affinity to 32-cGAMP (Kd = 1.61 µM) and cyclic di-GMP . 33-cGAMP induces IFN-beta mRNA expression in L929 cells (EC50 = 40.5 nM).
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