Tight junctions are complexes of proteins that create intercellular boundaries between the plasma membrane domains of epithelial and endothelial cells. Many of the tight junction-associated proteins are members of the membrane associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) family and include occludin and zona occludin family members ZO-1, ZO-2 and ZO-3. These proteins are thought to have both structural and signaling roles, and are characteristically defined by three protein-protein interaction modules: the PDZ domain, the SH3 domain and the guanylate kinase (GuK) domain. ZO-1 forms complexes with either ZO-2 or ZO-3. In addition, these proteins can also associate with claudin, occludin and F-actin, at tight junction stands, where they provide a linkage between the actin cytoskeleton and the tight junction. ZO-1 expression is significantly reduced in many breast cancer lines. ZO-2 and ZO-3 are ubiquitously expressed within epithelial tight junctions, and unlike ZO-1, which is also expressed at cell junctions of cardiac myocytes, ZO-2 is not expressed in nonepithelial tissue. Applications: Suitable for use in Western Blot, Immunoprecipitation and Immunohistochemistry. Other applications not tested. Recommended Dilutions: Optimal dilutions to be determined by the researcher. Recommended Positive Control: Mouse liver tissue lysate Storage and Stability: Store product at 4C if to be used immediately within two weeks. For long-term storage, aliquot to avoid repeated freezing and thawing and store at -20C. Aliquots are stable at -20C for 12 months after receipt. Dilute required amount only prior to immediate use. Further dilutions can be made in assay buffer. Caution: FITC conjugates are sensitive to light. For maximum recovery of product, centrifuge the original vial after thawing and prior to removing the cap. Note: Applications are based on unconjugated antibody.